Objective:
To assess and create the framework for the expansion of smoke- and aerosol-free environments (SAFE) in Europe, including outdoor areas and some private settings.

Background:
Comprehensiveness and enforcement of smoke-free legislation vary among European Union (EU) member states (MS). Moreover, emerging products like electronic cigarettes (e-cig) and heated tobacco products (HTP) lack adequate regulation.

Methods:
Within the frame of Joint Action on Tobacco Control 2 (JATC-2) a consultation was conducted on best practices for SAFE implementation. Based on its results and the evidence from the scientific literature, we present this position paper.

Results:
The main barriers against the expansion and enforcement of SAFE include tobacco industry interference, government reluctance, resistance from specific settings and public misinformation. Opportunities include extending policies to outdoor places, improving attitudes, conducting campaigns, promoting transparency and funding, and aligning legislation.

Recommendations:
Ensuring healthier environments and protecting individuals from the harmful effects of second-hand smoke requires a comprehensive approach. To achieve this, the following recommendations are crucial for EU MS: • Implement and enforce complete smoke-free legislation for indoor and outdoor o public and private workplaces, o hospitality venues, o public transport, o cars, o settings frequented by minors, o sports settings, o healthcare facilities, o parks, forests, and beaches; • Promote voluntary smoke-free homes; • Equalize regulations for emerging tobacco products, such as e-cigs and HTPs, to that of conventional cigarettes.

Conclusions:
Comprehensive smoke-free regulations covering indoor and outdoor settings, along with advocating for voluntary smoke-free homes, are essential steps. Additionally, equalizing legislation for emerging tobacco products with conventional cigarettes is crucial for public health protection. By addressing barriers and capitalizing on opportunities, collaborative efforts can create healthier environments.